Economics 18/01/2010: Sunday Times 03/01/2010

A friend just highlighted to me that I have not posted my articles for Sunday Times since late 2009. In the next few post, I will correct for this omission.

First, unedited version of January 3, 2010. Note the box-out - covering very interesting development on Nama.

Over the last few weeks, a new consensus has emerged on the direction for Ireland in the New Year. Caught in the headlights of the Government PR blitz post-Budget 2010, the media and our quasi-governmental economic commentariate (Quagec) have firmly forgotten the simple fact that the bottom of the economic canyon we find ourselves in will require much more than a wishful New year’s resolution on behalf of the Exchequer. It requires a miracle of decoupling from our Euro zone’s sick twin – Greece – in real economic terms to restore full confidence in this economy.

Throughout 2009, our policymakers grumbled that Ireland was unfairly treated by international markets. As our CDS and bonds spreads were moving in tandem with those of Greece, the sop story from our Quagec was: “Ireland has a better starting position in terms of lower debt burden and it has taken the necessary pain. We are much closer to Berlin than to Athens.”

This, of course, was nothing more than economic gibberish dressed up to sound impressive. Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. It is the prospect of the future that is driving our risk valuations instead.

So what are the New Year’s prospects for our fundamentals?

The Greek Government is aiming for a 2010 deficit of 8.7% of GDP, although Greek parliament has approved budgetary estimate of 9.7%.

Ireland’s Exchequer deficit in 2010 is likely to reach 11.6% of GDP or nearly 15% of GNP, given the prospect for another year of a widening GDP/GNP gap. These stratospherically high numbers do not account for the cost of recapitalising the banks and for Nama. Should even a half of the estimated banks recapitalization costs hit the Exchequer in 2010, our public deficit is likely to exceed that of Greece by 3.7 percentage points in terms of GDP and up to 7 percentage points in terms of GNP.

Behind these headline figures there are other multiple reasons for the deterioration in our fiscal position in 2010.

Rising unemployment will persist through the first half of 2010, imposing new burdens on our already mammoth social welfare bill. These costs will be multiplied by the ongoing and accelerating process of unemployment benefits claimants transitioning onto full social welfare benefits as their supplementary savings and redundancy payments are exhausted.

Irish Exchequer, unlike its Greek counterpart, will be facing a multi-billion euro claim in terms of recapitalizing the banks. This bill is expected to reach above €10 billion for the six guaranteed institutions on top of the costs of Nama.

In 2009 Ireland-based multinational companies have booked massive transfer pricing profits through their Irish operations. 2010 might this activity collapsing. Over 2010, the US and Asia-Pacific region are expected to re-enter the economic growth cycle. Traditionally, this involves a restart of investment cycle. This, in turn, means that the firms will place much lower importance on maximising tax efficiencies via their off-shore operations. The risks for Ireland Inc here are slower inward investment and lower tax revenues, with many of the jobs pre-announced by the IDA in its recent report potentially delayed.

Looking forward, 2013-2014 will see Irish deficits still exceeding those in Greece, even if the New Year’s resolutions by Minister Lenihan are delivered on target. The latter, of course, is doubtful.

Firstly, all Budget 2010 measures announced by the Exchequer are gross, not net, implying that no more than roughly 80% of these can be achieved in real terms once second order effects and automatic stabilizers are counted in. Secondly, Government public sector pay reductions are now coming into doubt with Irish public servants facing a real pay cut of no more than 3-4% for top grade officials.

Getting back to the real economy. For 2010 our officials are forecasting a 1.3% decline in GDP and a 1.7% fall in GNP. The risk here is to further downside. Should Ireland-based MNCs divert their activities to investing in rebuilding their productive capacity in world’s faster growing economies, the GDP might fall by another 0.1-0.2 percentage points. Should housing prices decline another 8-10% as my estimates suggest, the wealth effect alone will shave off 0.1% from our annual output. Unless consumer spending improves substantially, we might be looking at 2010 producing a fall in GDP to the tune of 1.5-1.7% and a decline in GNP of around 1.8-2%.

But what can be the driver of consumer spending increases in 2010? Sky-high taxes and a promise of more taxation rises in 2011 delivered by Minister Lenihan on the Budget Day? Or a hope for continued historically low cost of borrowing?

Don’t hold your breath for the latter. Starting with the first month of Nama operations – which might come as early as February – Irish banks will be increasing the cost of adjustable rate mortgages. The unfortunate souls who hold these loans will end up paying 50-75 basis points more over the course of 2010, regardless of what the ECB might do.

With the ECB widely expected to raise rates in the second half of the year, we might be heading for 2010 ending with mortgage rates priced at around 100 basis points higher than they are today. A new wave of mortgage defaults will be in the making.

Once again, the Greeks are hardly at the races when compared to Ireland’s house prices collapse, or to our stock market crisis to date, or even to our expected mortgage defaults yet to hit the banks in 2010-2011.

The real indicator of stability of our economy compared to that of Greece is the extent of non-financial sectors debts. In Ireland, this figure currently stands at over €1.16 trillion (roughly $570 billion ex-IFSC). Comparable figure for the Greek economy is $35.4 billion – 16 times lower than for Ireland. Irish total gross debt (inclusive of IFSC) was $2,387 billion in Q2 2009 – some 430% the size of the Greek.

All of this goes to prove two things. Firstly, throughout 2009, rational investors operating in fully functioning bond markets were correct in discounting Ireland alongside Greece as the two weakest economies in the Euro area. Secondly, no matter what you might hear in weeks to come from our Quangec, we far from having passed our hardest tests in the current crisis.



Box-Out:

On Christmas eve, while the national news outlets were unrolling their festive medley of jolly carols and light entertainment, the Department of Finance has published a 2-page document, titled Nama (Designation of Eligible Bank Assets) Regulations 2009. The document’s objective was to define the assets eligible for transfer to Nama. Article 2 (a)-(d) state that Nama will be allowed to purchase at our, taxpayers, expense virtually any type of assets (short of credit card debts, but not personal loans or car loans) that are secured against some sort of development land asset. This covers pretty much every credit instrument known to man – from a plain vanilla loan to a structured credit agreement, all the way to a complex derivative contract. Even loans secured against equity shares in the undertaking to develop land, regardless of whether such an undertaking was primarily involved in property development or engaged in this activity as a side-show, will be eligible for taxpayers’ purchase. Undertakings that are eligible for such a treatment include not only plcs and established private businesses, but also opaque private partnerships and ‘over-night’ syndicates.

Take for example the infamous Glass Bottle site in Ringsend. The new edict means that the loans extended to developers and the investors engaged in a partnership, plus all the loans secured against the shares in the partnership and other concerned undertakings linked to the partnership, all and any other loans extended to anyone else who pledged as security any asset related to the site or its developers or investors are all eligible for the transfer.

In other words, the latest legal installment to Nama operational statues makes the state-financed bad bank a target for unceremonious dumping of all forms of toxic risky instruments from the banks balance sheet, regardless of claims seniority. And that, in turn, implies that Nama might end up holding conflicting security seniorities against itself. Good luck untangling that.

Not exactly a policy I would support

You can't accuse Ruskies of the lack of freedom of speech...

I wonder if this qualifies for Irish blasphemy law violation...

Economics 17/01/2010: Back to the future in risk-aversion?

Are markets settling for a renewed pressure of higher risk aversion strategies?

Given the fact that the US (and generally OECD) economic conditions remain extremely weak, the markets might be signaling a reversal of the risk attitudes - overdue after the rallies of the second half of 2009. The first signals came in from the bond markets, where even sick puppies, such as Ireland, have enjoyed some bounce in recent weeks. One can argue that the Greeks are getting away with a murder, as their CDS and spreads are following much shallower dynamic than one would have expected in light of continued concerns as to the credibility of their fiscal adjustment plans.

But the real ticker for troubles potentially brewing ahead is the overall markets behavior.

Here is one interesting chart:

 

For last week: TIPS up, bonds up, everything else - down. Not exactly a confidence game. And this is compounded by the January effect not playing out this year so far.

Now, VIX:

Now, not yet as pronounced as on level performance for the markets themselves, but note MCAD cross over and reduced divergence in the last 5 trading days, teamed up with S&P negative movement. Both suggest that VIX downward trend might be breaking.

Irish data is yet to show a clear trend/pattern or resistance breaks -

IFIN is pointing to a gently rising momentum in volatility, ISEQ broader index shows a gentle decline. Plus the highest frequency data I do have relates to daily close prices.  But, of course, there are lags relative to the US markets, so something to watch here.

Economics 16/01/2010: PhDs employment

One of the comments to my earlier post today got me thinking about a simple question: what are the prospects for employment in Ireland for all those PhDs we are preparing to stamp out in the next few years?

In truth, of course, the answer to this question is: I don't know. But some data mining and a quick back of the envelope analysis can shed some light on the issue.

Per CSO's Business Expenditure on Research and Development 2007/2008 document, we have: "...estimates indicate that research and development expenditure should have increased to almost €1.7bn in Ireland in 2008. Enterprises indicated that they expected to spend €905m on labour costs, €510m on other current costs, €205m on instruments and equipment (excluding software) and €65m on land and building costs." This gives us the overall ratio of labour costs to total spending at roughly 55%.

"There were 13,950 persons engaged in research and development activities in Ireland in 2007. In total there were 8,250 researchers of which 1,200 were engaged as PhD qualified researchers, 2,950 technicians and 2,750 support staff."

So average labour cost per one R&D staff member: €64,875 per annum. Labour costs are usually comprised of roughly 60% salary/wage and 40% non-wage costs (taxes, insurance etc). This means average wage per person engaged in R&D activities in Ireland was around €38,900 per annum. Not a hell of a lot, by any measure. Just about 76% of the average earnings in our illustriously educated public sector.

"There were 10,950 Full Time Equivalent (FTE) research staff in Ireland in 2007. Almost 1,050 of these FTEs were PhD qualified researchers while there were more than 6,200 other researcher FTEs." Another useful fact to show the ratios of PhDs to non-PhDs required in the private economy.

"There were more than 1,200 enterprises engaged in research and development activities in Ireland in 2007. More than two thirds of all enterprises spent less than €500,000 on research and development activities, a fifth spent more than €500,000 and less than €2m while 14% spent €2m or more." Figure 1.5 provided specific allocations by enterprise spend which I used in following calculations.

Now,  suppose Irish enterprises double their expenditure on R&D while preserving distribution of relative spending as is. Suppose furthermore, they increase by 20% the proportion of R&D spending that goes to support employment (as opposed to capital). The total demand for PhDs in Ireland will be – wait for it – 2360.

HEA stats show that total enrolment – not the stock of existent PhD graduates – in PhD programmes in Ireland was 5,637. And that is not enough, according to the DofE plans, which require at least a 25% increase on enrolment levels achieved so far to reach the target of doubling the number of PhDs from 2004-2005 levels. Oh, yes, folks: if businesses double their spending and increase their intensity of use of PhDs in doing this research by 20%, the resulting increase in PhD positions over currently occupied will be just 18% of the total pool of enrolled PhD students in the country.

Suppose our State heroically steps in to hire 50% of all freshly minted PhDs. That brings potential PhD-level employment - after the doubling of R&D spending by our enterprises - to, say 40%. Suppose graduation rate from PhD programmes is 60% (it is actually getting higher by the minute as lower quality institutions hoover up state funding for PhDs). This still leaves some 380-400 PhDs floating around looking for jobs.

And this is before we add on those countless Irish PhD students studying in the UK, US, Australia, across the EU. And before we add those PhDs coming into Ireland from Europe. And before we take on roughly 10% annual enrollment growth rate that HEA has been delivering on.

No matter how you skin the numbers, they simply do no add up.

Economics 16/01/2010: Fun and games

In the spirit of the new attitudes at this blog: a 'No Comment Needed' section will be appearing in these pages on occasion. This is one such occasions: story in the Indo linked here is certainly worth a read. It left me breathless!


And here is another link - this one made me cry with laughter. To describe 80,000 people disagreeing on pronunciation in an obscure (from the point of view of the entire humanity and the vast majority of Irish people themselves) linguistic parlor game as a schism is about as absurd as to label a queue of three at your local Tesco till a sign of food shortages hitting the Western World.

What the story does really tell us is the extent to which our state focus on engineered national identity (with Gaelic at the heart of these efforts) crowd out our real culture and history - global, internationally convertible and fully integrated culture of our world class writers, several superb painters, a handful of world class composers, masses of folk arts practitioners and so on. Instead of studying obscure and globally irrelevant historical and cultural events and figures, our children will do better learning Western and Eastern philosophers, histories, thinkers. They are better off learning Latin and Greek tragedy, Roman and Renaissance literature, the ideas of Enlightenment and so on than be boxed into a proto-nationalistic dead-end street of the Romantic version of the 'Irish identity' now fully embraced, practiced and subsidized by our state.

When 80,000 people can evolve such distinct dialects and attitudes to their language, replete with total breakdown of communications between the two, one has to fear that our cultural isolationism has finally yielded its inevitable denouement: cultural inbreeding. Irish Times, of course, can not be accused of spotting this much...


Also, my favorite blog, Calculated Risk (here), has recently highlighted the topic I've been covering for some time now - the Fed cutting back its liquidity operations (for now, via balance sheet adjustments). Good to see my earlier predictions coming true.


Another item: the latest listings of academic jobs for January 2010 show trouble brewing in the European paradise of the 'knowledge economy'. Early in 2009 I have stated in Sunday Times article that in few years time we might end up with an army of unemployed PhDs. Once the EU numerical targets for science and technology PhDs hit the jobs markets - who will be their future employers?

Back then I said that the problem is now apparent in the fact that majority of these PhDs find only temporary employment post-degree completion, largely in the form of post-doctoral researchers. These contracts tend to run 2-3 years and are non-pensionable, non-tenure track and are state-subsidized. These contracts do not lead to permanent academic employment in the majority of cases and if the subsidies were to run out, the freshly-minted PhDs have no where to go.

Well, this month I found out that we have a follow-up subsidized employment category for some of these PhDs. Several institutions in Europe now advertise for Senior Post-Doctoral Researchers posts, offering another round of 3-year contracts to bridge the gap between the doctorate and the welfare check for the lucky few who can get it.

In years time, prepare yourselves for a prospect of a friendly dinner at the house of Dady Post-Post-Post Doc Senior, kids with Senior Post-Doc grants in tow and grandchildren with Junior Post-Doc Applications in their rooms, ready for signing by the grant-supporting lead researcher: Mommy Post-Post-Doc Junior.


And lastly - current issue of the Fortune magazine has a story about the plans for converting urban land in Detroit into agricultural land. Given that land in Detroit (within 8-mile Road) sells for USD3,000 per acre, while Iowa's average agricultural land is selling for USD5,000 per acre, the idea makes sense. Of course, here in Ireland we do have Nama-lands. So hanging vegetable gardens off multistory shells in Sandyford anyone? Or pig farms in the abandoned estates in the Midlands? Mushrooms growing in three-bed semis out in the West's Bungalow Blitz Estates? You've never thought D4 stores might supply fresh produce grown hydroponically in the historical and irreplaceable D4 hotels rooms?

Economics: 15/01/2010: Bank levies

Per FT report today, the US administration is likely to impose a levy on the banking sector to recover. Per President Obama, "every dime" owed by the banks to TARP. The levy will aim to raise $90 billion from the 50 largest institutions in the US, including those with foreign operations in the country (a point that raises the issue of unfavourable treatment of the foreign banks which had no access to TARP and yet are expected to pay for it). 60% of the fee is expected to be generated from the top 10 institutions – another strange feature of the plan that skews the burden of the proposal toward larger banks despite the fact that there is no evidence they benefited disproportionately more from TARP funding. The levy – envisioned for 10 years period – is being set at 15 bps of all insured debt other than deposits and will apply to all institutions with assets over $50 billion. Of course the net effect of the levy will be a higher cost of banking for the end customer.

One can rationally expect the EU to follow the US suit and slap more charges on already stretched taxpayers/consumers.

Bashing the banks is a happy past-time for our commentators, politicos and regulators who have been calling for higher levies on the banks. But anyone with economic stability and growth on their mind should really think as to where the money for such levies will be coming at the end.

Irish banks are in no position to pay the Exchequer for any support out of earnings, so it is us – common banks customers and, co-incidentally the taxpayers – who will be tasked with paying DofF the going costs of banks guarantee scheme, Nama and any other levies the Government might impose on the banks.

As one cannot escape this charge on his/her account, it will be an involuntary transfer from the private economy to the state. Care to call it a new tax, then?