30/07/2011: US debt woes - some cool grpahics from NY Times

Several people asked about some of the assumptions I used in my post on US debt after the debt-ceiling increases.

While I outlined all of the assumptions in the original post, some of them are motivated by the following excellent infographic on US debt problems presented by the NY Times - link here. The subsequent post will show some comparatives for the US debt crisis.

These are reproduced here, with some commentary.

Note that in the entire debate about the US debt limits, I am of the view that the issue at hand is not the ceiling itself, by the level of the US overall indebtedness. In other words, if the US raises debt ceiling, in my opinion, it avoids immediate crisis, but loads the 'spring' of unsustainable debt levels even more.
Again, the above is irrelevant from my point of view. The US can simply print money or issue IOUs to cover its own debts in the short term. In reality, however, any more debt piled onto the US economy is going to be unsustainable and warrants a downgrade.

Clearly, the argument that the Republican presidencies are more fiscally conservative does not hold. Since Ronald Regan (who at the very least delivered on the stated objective of facing up to the USSR), US Republican presidents have accumulated $7.6 trillion worth of debt, or $633 billion worth of new debt per annum, on average, with George Bush, Sr at $375 billion annually, while his son - George W Bush, Jr at $625.5 billion per annum on average. Ronald Reagan accumulated new debt at ca $237.5 billion per annum on average.

In contrast, 2 Democratic administrations have managed to rake up $3.8 trillion worth of new debt, averaging $175 billion per annum on average for Bill Clinton and $800 billion per annum for Barak Obama.

Hence, Obama now holds an absolute record in fiscal profligacy, followed by George W. Bush (Jr), then by George Bush, Sr and Ronald Reagan. Bill Clinton is the least profligate of all US presidents since 1981.
Lastly, take a look at the source for my assumptions on the yields used in the post linked above:
So my assumptions of 3.5-4% post-debt deal are pretty close to what we can expect on the back of a 1 notch downgrade for the US debt.

Please see the following post on more comparatives for the US debt and economic dynamics.

30/07/2011: Detailed analysis of Retail Sales figures for June 2011

The volume of retail sales rose +0.2% in June 2011 compared with June 2010 and +1.1% mom. The 3mo average for the volume index is now at 93.07, while the 6 mo average is 92.3. Both below the current monthly reading. June reading marks the second consecutive monthly increase in the index. 2010 average is 93.3, while 2011 average to-date is 92.3, behind that of 2010.

The value of retail sales rose +0.4% in June 2011 when compared with June 2010 and there was a month-on-month increase of +0.7%. The value index now stands at 89.4 (marking the second consecutive month of increases) against 3mo average of 88.7 and 6mo average of 88.3. Compared to 2010 average of 88.9, the 2011 average to-date is now at 88.3.


Thus, the volume of retail sales in June 2011 stood at 94.1 down 16.73% relative to the peak. Current monthly reading for the value index is 23.59% below the peak for the series.
Couple of charts for quarterly changes:

Of course, the problem with the above data is that it is distorted by the motor sales volumes and values, especially pronounced due to the expiry of the Government incentive scheme for new motors purchases in June 2011. Hence, ex-motors data paints a dramatically different picture of continued deterioration in retail sales.

Excluding Motor Trades, the volume of retail sales fell 4.2% in June 2011 when compared with June 2010, while there was a monthly decrease of 0.1%. Thus, June marked a 5th consecutive month of declines in the colume of retail sales ex-motors. The index is now at 98.2, below 3mo average of 98.5 and 6mo average of 99.45 and well below 2010 average of 102.2.

Ex-Motor Trades there was an annual decrease of 3.2% in the value of retail sales and a
monthly decrease of 0.5%. Index reading of 94.6 in June 2011 stands below 3mo average of 95.3 and 6mo average of 96.2 as well as 2010 annual average of 97.6. The index has now declined (mom) for 3 months in a row.

In year on year terms, volume index retail sales ex-motors are now down 14 moths in a row and in terms of value index for 36 months in a row. In 2010, index of volume of retail sales ex-motors posted an average monthly decline of 0.28%, while in 2011 to-date the same figure is 0.03, while the latest 3mo average is 0.67% decline. For value of sales ex-motors, the average monthly decline was 0.24% in 2010, against 0.08% average monthly decline in 2011 to-date and 0.8% decline in 3 months to-date. So clearly, last 3 months suggest increased rate of deterioration on both 2010 and H1 2011 averages.


Relative to peak, the volume of retail sales ex-motors has now fallen 13.33%, while the value of retail sales ex-motors is down 19.42%. Both series continue their downward trajectory.


So overall, in June 2011, Motor Trades were up +21.9% yoy in volume. Alongside motor sales, sales of Electrical Goods (+5.2%) and Furniture & Lighting (+2.6%) were the only three categories that showed year-on-year increases in the volume of retail sales this month. Fuel (-12.0%), Hardware Paints & Glass (-10.4%) and Other Retail Sales (-8.1%) were amongst the ten categories out of 14 total that showed year-on-year decreases in the volume of retail sales this month.

In terms of value of retail sales, Motor Trades posted an annual increase of 18.3% - the only category of sales that posted an annual increase in value. Hardware & Paints (-10.9% yoy), Other Retail Sales (-6.0%), Bars (-5.8%) were the categories with largest (above 5%) declines in the value. Overall, 13 categories out of total 14 have posted yoy declines in value of retail sales.

My previous analysis of the Consumer Confidence indicator from the ESRI and high level dynamics in retail sales (see link here) shows that these trends toward continued pressures in the retail sector are expected to continue over coming months.

30/07/2011: High level data on Retail Sales & Consumer Confidence

Let's update the latest stats on retail sales in Ireland and consumer confidence - a separate, more detailed post will look on the specifics of the retail sales data.

The volume of retail sales rose 0.2% in June 2011 yoy and +1.1% mom. However, all of the increases were accounted for by motor sales.

The value of retail sales rose +0.4% in June 2011 yoy and +0.7% mom. Again, all effects are due to motor sales increases.

Provisional estimates for Q2 2011 show the volume of retail sales fell by 1.7% yoy and rose 1.8% qoq. Once again, the figures were dramatically improved by motor sales.

Consumer confidence, measured by the ESRI index have posted a dramatic drop in June from 59.4 in May to 56.3. Index is now 5.38% down qoq, 5.219% down mom and 17.084% down yoy.

So while overall retail sales indices signal some slight improvements in conditions, consumer confidence indicator shows that in months ahead there is likely to be renewed pressure on retail sales. In fact, of course, there is no divergence between the two sets of indicators, as retail sales continue to fall when taken on ex-motors basis.

Longer-term averages also suggest further softening in the retails sales
Three months moving averages are now:

• Index of Value of retail sales up 0.49% qoq, 0.189% up mom and 1.743% down yoy
• Index of Volume of retail sales up 1.276% qoq, 0.253% up mom and 2.218% down yoy
• Consumer confidence is up 23.291% qoq, 5.426% up mom and 8.299% down yoy.
  

30/07/2011: Some uncomfortable US debt arithmetic

In the light of the Senate vote yesterday, it is worth examining the extent of changes in the US debt and interest costs within the context of the Republican's-agreed plan (debt ceiling increase of $2,500-3,000 billion in exchange for 10-year deficit reductions of €917 billion).

There are a number of assumptions that we must make about the proposals, since it appears at this time that no clear picture is emerging as to what the specific details of spending and cuts might be.

Let us assume the following scenarios:

Scenario 1: Debt ceiling is increased by $2,500 billion to $16,800 billion
Scenario 2: Debt ceiling is increased by $3,000 billion to $17,300 billion

Assume that over the next 10 years there are no further increases in the debt ceiling.

Now, let us make some assumptions about the post-deal yields:

• Scenario A: assume that the current yields on US Treasuries - ca 3% - prevail over the next 10 years (this is extremely optimistic, since (1) it is likely that debt ceiling increase can lead to AAA downgrade one-two notches, (2) it is highly likely that US Fed is going to raise interest rates at least in some point in time between now and 2020. In this case, 10-year compounded interest charges on just the increase in the debt ceiling will be 34.39%.
  
• Scenario B: assume that average US Treasury yield rises to 3.5% post-deal. In this case, 10-year compounded interest charges on just the increase in the debt ceiling will be 41.06%.
• Scenario C: assume that average US Treasury yield rises to 4.0% post-deal. In this case, 10-year compounded interest charges on just the increase in the debt ceiling will be 48.02%.

Next, it is crucial to identify just how the 'savings' will be delivered and to what amounts cumulative to 2020. Let us make some assumptions on that:

• Republican plan of achieving savings of $917 billion by 2020, distributed:

1. Uniformly over 10 years in $91.7 billion increments
2. Front-loaded as follows: 175% of 91.7 billion in years 1 and 2, each, followed by 125% of that in years 3 and 4 each, followed by 100% in years 5 and 6 each and 50% in years 7-10 each, implying that through year 2 annual savings will be $91.7 billion plus $183.4 billion. By year 4 the savings will be running at $366.8 billion, by year 6 - at $550.5 billion and so on.
   

• Alternative plan (more like Democrats' plan) of achieving 1/2 of the Republican plan savings of ca $460 billion over 10 years, distributed:

1. Uniformly over 10 years in $46.0 billion increments
2. Front-loaded as follows: 175% of $46 billion in years 1 and 2, each, followed by 125% of that in years 3 and 4 each, followed by 100% in years 5 and 6 each and 50% in years 7-10 each, implying that through year 2 annual savings will be $161 billion. By year 4 the savings will be running at $276 billion, by year 6 - at $322 billion and so on.

Table below summarizes net savings (reductions - where positive) on the debt levels as the result of the proposed deal. These do not account for interest charges on the existent pre-debt deal debt level of $14,300 billion, nor for the costs of old debt financing that might rise in the wake of the debt ceiling hike.
In bold in the table above, I outline the more likely scenarios. Now, to arrive at the total debt ceiling hike impact we need to subtract from the above values the expected increase in the cost of Federal debt financing on the current $14,300 billion worth of debt. These are approximately $715 billion in the case of Scenario B and $1,430 billion in the case of Scenario C.

Thus, overall, in the most likely scenarios,

• The Republicans-proposed plan will achieve a reduction in the overall 2020 debt levels of just $802-1,994 billion in the most benign scenario or a reduction of $365 billion to an increase in debt of $827 billion in the more adverse case
• The Alternative plan will achieve increases in total debt burden for the US of between $573 and $1,171 billion in the more benign case and increases in total debt of $2,273 billion to $3,341 billion in the more adverse case.

In summary - neither potential outcome represents a significant departure for the US from the current massive debt levels. To achieve meaningful savings on the current debt, the US will require severe front loading of Republicans-proposed cuts and convincing the markets that its AAA rating must remain intact. However, even in this case, more likely effect will be to reduce debt levels by some €1,990 billion, or just 14%...

29/07/2011: Euro area leading economic indicators - July 2011

The new Euro area leading growth indicator - eurocoin - published by CEPR and Banca d'Italia is out for July, showing signficant slowdown in economic activity in the Euro area ahead. Headline numbers are:

• Euro-coin fell in July for the second month in a row, declining from 0.62 in May to 0.52 in June and to 0.45 in July.
  
• 3 months average through June was 0.58 and 6 months average through June was 0.56. In July these declined to 0.53 and 0.555 respectively.
• Year on year June 2011 reading was 13.04 higher. July 2011 reading was 12.5% above that for July 2010.
• With historical standard deviation for eurocoin at 0.4594 > current July 2011 reading, this month reading is statistically insignificantly different from zero. The same is confirmed by looking at the crisis period standard deviation from January 2008 through current reading, which stands at 0.6288.

• The latest eurocoin implies Euro area growth rate of 1.81% pa, down from 2.24% pa growth predicted by the 6mo moving average.
• Core drivers of slowdown are: falling business confidence, stock market performance and widening spreads between long and short-term interest rates (cost of capital rising).
  

Updating figures for ECB rate policy determinants:

The above still support my view that equilibrium repo rate consistent with ECB's medium term inflation target is around 3.0-3.25%, well ahead of the current rate.

Latest industrial production (through May 2011) shows downward turn in growth in Germany, France and Spain, with Spain posting contraction in output, while France virtually reaching zero growth point. Italy is the only country of the Euro area Big 4 still showing accelerating growth in industrial production. Hence, overall for the Euro area, industrial output was nearly at zero growth line in May 2011, having posted 4 consecutive months of declining growth.

PMI composite for Euro area business confidence is now for the second month in a row firmly in the contraction zone. Consumer confidence is now at zero expansion in July, having declined over the last 2 months, with Italy, Spain and France all showing persistent declines in consumer confidence.
Chart source (here).

Lastly, exports show falling rates of growth over a number of consecutive months through May 2011 in France, Italy and Spain.

26/07/2011: Greek deal will increase Greek debt

Eurointelligence.com today reports that (emphasis is mine):

"Hugo Dixon, at Reuters Breakingviews, did the math on the Greek package, and concludes that the calculation by the European Council and the IIF regarding the projected rate of debt reduction is wrong. He said that Nicolas Sarkozy’s calculation of a 24 percentage point fall in the Greek debt-to-GDP ratio ignores the effect of credit enhancement, which is going to be massive.

Once you include the efforts Greece has to make to secure the rollover deal, the debt-to-GDP ratio rise by 14% to 179% of GDP.

As part of the deal with the IIF, Greece will need to secure some of the rolled over bonds with zero coupon bonds. The four options have different implications for the extent of the credit enhancement. But on the IIF’s own assumptions, the costs of the exercise would be €42bn for Greece to finance credit enhancements for the €135bn of bonds in the IIF’s scheme."

You can read the entire proposal by IIF here. And, by the way - I run through their proposal figures. The massive savings for Greece stated in this are referencing the future payouts that are being saved assuming Greece were to pay full set of coupon payments and principal on its bonds over their history. This is slightly misleading, as the markets have been pricing significant (40%+) discounts on much of Greek bonds for over 1 year now.

Aside from that, the IIF calculations assume 9% discount rate through 2030. This is a strange assumption, given that the deal replaces / writes down bonds with an average coupon yield of ca 4.5% and Greece can borrow from EFSF/EFSM at ca 5% effective rate.

Adjusting for these, my 'back of the envelope' calculations suggest that the actual value of the Greek programme is closer to €26-32 billion instead of €37 billion when it comes to net private sector contribution.

In addition, rollovers to longer maturity, in my opinion, are reducing peak debt levels, but extend payments burden over time, implying that adverse impact of debt on growth and economic performance in Greece are simply extended into the future. In other words, extended maturities do not do much to improve Greek situation. They can be effective if the Greek debt spike were a 'one-off' event. But since debt overhang in Greece is structural (see chart below - showing Greek debt becoming a structural problem around 1993) and underpinned by long term (endemic since at least 1987) current account deficits, extending maturity of debt simply increases life-time cycle of debt overhang.

In summary, there is no substitute to a full default by Greece. The latest 'deal' simply, potentially, pushes this default into 2016-2020 period, and that with optimistic forecasts for growth at hand.

Another can meets the EU boot, and... fails to roll far down the proverbial road.